As one of the core policy tools for achieving the “dual-carbon” goals, the carbon market possesses financial, environmental and policy attributes. These characteristic attributes prompt the establishment of an effective regulatory system for carbon emission rights trading. Currently, in China’s carbon emission rights trading and its subsequent supervision, there are problems such as inefficient supervision and opaque trading information. Based on the application requirements of modern environmental governance for new digital technologies, applying technologies such as blockchain’s distributed storage, consensus mechanism, and smart contract encryption to the supervision of carbon emission rights trading will help improve the supervision efficiency and the security of the circulation of carbon trading information, and also alleviate the problems existing in the process of carbon emission monitoring and verification. However, due to the dual nature of technology, while blockchain empowers the supervision of carbon emission rights trading with its technology, there are also certain hidden concerns in aspects such as data security and the protection of the rights and interests of trading entities. In this regard, it is necessary to further improve the smart contract review mechanism and perfect the relief rules, construct a risk prevention and evaluation system, and clarify the main responsibilities of blockchain system development and maintenance to ensure the effective supervision of carbon emission rights trading.