Low-carbon transition has become a common choice for countries around the world to cope with the ecological and environmental crisis, and the identification of low-carbon economic development modes has become an academic focus. The low-carbon economic development mode and regional differences were identified among 30 provinces(due to the lack of data, the statistical data mentioned here do not include the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province) in China from 2006 to 2020 by measuring the contribution rate of carbon productivity and carbon emissions. The results show that the overall trend of China’s economic development is to shift from a high-carbon economy to a low-carbon economy. There is a rebound effect of carbon emissions in the improvement of energy use efficiency. Based on the conclusions of the study, the conclusion show that each region should formulate low-carbon economic policies tailored to local conditions. It should pay attention to joint prevention and control and regional cooperation, and make steady progress in promoting the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.