In order to explore the influencing mechanisms of the safety training effects of the new generational construction workers, questionnaire surveys and interviews on 10 construction projects under construction were conducted to analyze the safety training effects of the new generation of construction workers, consulting the relevant literature, based on the learning theory and training transfer theory, the theoretical model between individual factors, organizational factors, external environment, a structural equation model of training system factors and safety training effects was established and empirically tested. The findings indicate that personal factors have a positive effect on the safety training effect of the new group of construction workers, the external environmental factors have a positive effect on the safety training effect of the new generational construction workers, and the personal, organizational and training system factors play a part of the mediating effect. The training system factors have a positive effect on the safety training effect of the new generation of construction workers, and the role of personality elements in intermediate effects. Organizational factors have a positive effect on the safety training effect of the new generation of construction workers, and individual factors play a partial mediating effect. The results of the study may provide a resource for enhancing the efficacy of safety training for the new group of construction workers.