The coordinated development of population and economy is one of the most basic starting points in the study of all population issues. Tuojiang Green Development Economic Belt carries distinct advantages and unique positioning in the construction of “Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle”. Based on regional economics and other theories, taking 6 municipal areas in the basin as the research object, and the effect of population and industry agglomeration from the structural characteristics and interaction mechanism of population and industry agglomeration was discussed. Scientific and reasonable suggestions are provided for the construction of Tuojiang green development economic Belt from the perspectives of industrial structure optimization, regional coordination and green development.