Taking the Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration as the research subject, based on the gravity model and urban primacy and in combination with the current situation of each city, the economic qualities of various cities within the area were classified. Then, the economic spatial structure and the interrelationships within the urban agglomeration were analyzed. The results show that Lanzhou City is an important economic growth pole. The connections among cities with lower economic primacy rankings within are weak. Currently, the urban agglomeration faces problems such as insufficient development momentum, resource misallocation, and difficulties in dual-core construction. Corresponding strategies are proposed to provide references for the high-quality economic development of the northwest region under the new mechanism of regional coordinated development.