High-speed railway stations are characterized by their large scale and complex functional zoning. Passengers often waste time or even get lost due to unclear orientation signs while navigating within the stations. This not only affects the travel experience but also increases the operational pressure on the stations. Therefore, optimizing the layout of passenger orientation signs in high-speed railway stations is of great significance. A model for orientation signage layout based on the “fast lane” path has been proposed in this study to simplify the path selection process for passengers. A typical high-speed railway station scenario was constructed, and the model was verified using the AnyLogic system simulation software. The study compared the impact of the “fast lane” path and traditional shortest path orientation signage layout on passenger travel efficiency and analyzed the travel time, speed of passengers, and the effect of emergency evacuation in detail. The simulation results show that the model based on the “fast lane” path can significantly improve passenger orientation efficiency. Compared with the traditional shortest path layout, the average time passengers spend in the station is reduced by about 4 minutes. The model demonstrates excellent performance in improving passenger orientation efficiency, reducing travel time, and enhancing emergency evacuation capabilities, and it provides new ideas and methods for the optimization of orientation signage systems in high-speed railway stations.