Aiming at exploring the feasibility of ground penetrating radar technology in nondestructive testing of asphalt surface layer compaction, the effects of antenna height, medium at the bottom of the specimen, specimen size limitation and specimen density fluctuation on the compaction testing accuracy of asphalt surface layer were systematically investigated by selecting the appropriate antenna frequency (1 600 MHz). An asphalt mixture density prediction model based on the dielectric mixing model was established based on lab tests and validated by field tests. The result shows that the average prediction error of the model is 0.77%, which effectively proves the reliability of the technology in the nondestructive testing of asphalt surface layer compaction and provides technical support for asphalt pavement construction and maintenance.