The super-efficiency SBM model and the industrial structure upgrading index were used to measure the changing characteristics of urban land use efficiency and industrial structure upgrading in Fujian Province, and the coupling coordination degree model was used to reveal the characteristics and laws of coupling and coordinated development between 2009 and 2021. The results show that the land use efficiency is characterized by the fluctuation of growth-steady-decline from 2009 to 2021. In terms of space, there are obvious differences among cities. Xiamen and Fuzhou have higher urban land use efficiency, while northern Fujian, especially Nanping, has relatively low land use efficiency. The analysis of the urban industrial structure upgrading index shows that the average value of the industrial structure upgrading index in Fujian Province has steadily escalated, and the differences between cities have gradually expanded from 2015 to 2020. Coupling coordination analysis shows that the degree of coordination between the efficiency of urban land use and the structure of industry in Fujian Province ranges from 0.1 to 0.995, and the coupling coordination level has a large span between cities. Most cities are in a good coordination state, and the coordination state has been significantly improved over time. In 2020, the coupling coordination level of each city exceeds the barely coordinated level, and the overall degree of coupling coordination is good.