Taking Shandong Province as an example, the evaluation index system of agricultural sustainable development level was constructed from five dimensions: population, society, economy, resources and environment. Entropy method and coupling coordination degree model were used to evaluate the agricultural sustainable development level and coupling coordination from 2012 to 2022. The results show that the level of agricultural sustainable development in Shandong Province showed an overall improvement trend from 2012 to 2022, and there is still room for further improvement. The sustainable development capacity of population, society, economy and environment system has been improved overall, while the sustainable development level of resource system is relatively unstable. The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of the agricultural "population - society - economy - resources - environment" system in Shandong Province shows an upward trend, and the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between the two subsystems were significantly different.