The light industry's scientific and technological content and innovation efficiency have an important impact on promoting the high-quality development of the economy. Based on the innovation-driven development strategy, the scientific and technological innovation efficiency is measured and its influencing factors are analyzed based on the transcendental logarithmic production function and the stochastic frontier analysis method, using the panel data of five representative light industry industries in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021 as samples. The results show that the average business performance of the industry has the highest degree of influence, the enterprise size has the lowest degree of influence, and the efficiency of science and technology innovation improves year by year. Accordingly, countermeasure suggestions are put forward to improve the efficiency of science and technology innovation in Shaanxi light industry and promote high-quality development.