In the context of intensifying global technological competition, strategic scientific and technological talents are considered crucial to national scientific progress and industrial upgrading. Patent metrology analysis was used to compare the strategic scientific and technological talent distribution in strategic emerging industries between China and the United States. The findings reveal that the United States has a significant talent advantage in new generation information technology and biotechnology, whereas China demonstrates strong talent strength in high-end equipment manufacturing, new materials, and new energy and environmental protection. Based on the comparative analysis and global development trends, strategies are proposed for China in leveraging existing industrial advantages, enhancing industry-academia-research collaboration, increasing basic research investment, and optimizing the innovation ecosystem.