The new round of technological revolution in the world is deepening, and the international situation is complex and ever-changing. China's development is facing new strategic opportunities and challenges. The national laboratory is an important component of the national strategic scientific and technological strength, representing the highest level of the country in the cutting-edge scientific field. Improving the innovation efficiency of the national laboratory is an important guarantee for China to achieve high-level self-reliance and self-improvement. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the construction and development experience of internationally renowned laboratories such as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, the Potsdam Center for Geosciences in Germany, and the National Oceanic Center in the United Kingdom. It proposes countermeasures and suggestions for improving the innovation energy efficiency of national laboratories in China under the background of a new round of technological revolution.