Based on the data of high-tech enterprises listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in China from 2012 to 2021, the impact of government subsidies on supply chain resilience was empirically tested. Research has shown that government subsidies significantly promote supply chain resilience, and this conclusion remains valid even after robustness and indigeneity tests. Analysis of intermediary mechanisms reveals that dual innovation capability plays a partial mediating role in the impact of government subsidies on supply chain resilience, that is, government subsidies enhance the dual innovation capability of enterprises and thereby enhance their supply chain resilience. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the impact of government subsidies on supply chain resilience is more significant in the eastern region, non-state-owned enterprises and small-scale high-tech enterprises. The empirical results provide management insights for high-tech enterprises to cope with adverse impacts.