The coupling coordination level and evolutionary trends of health resources and high-quality economic development in 30 provinces of China from 2011 to 2021 were analyzed to provide recommendations for promoting their coordinated development. The entropy method was employed to calculate the indices of health resources and high-quality economic development levels separately. Coupling coordination degree model and Moran's index were combined to analyze the coupling coordination level and its evolutionary trends. The results are as follows. The coupling coordination degree between health resources and high-quality economic development in China increaseS from 0.4760 in 2011 to 0.567 7 in 2021. At the provincial level, the average growth of coupling coordination degree across provinces is 22.8% from 2011 to 2021. In 2021, the coupling coordination degree exhibited characteristics of “high span, multi-level” across provinces, covering eight levels and seven spans, with Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces showing good coordination and Qinghai province showing severe imbalance. Regarding spatial evolution, there is a “club convergence effect” among provinces in terms of coupling coordination degree between health resources and high-quality economic development, gradually forming “HH” and “LL” type club regional groups. Although the coupling coordination degree between health resources and high-quality economic development in China has improved, there are still provincial imbalances and clustering effects. It is necessary to further pay attention to the differences in provincial resource endowments and implement balanced policies tailored to local conditions to balance the development of health resources among provinces.