Using the data of the fifth, sixth and seventh national population censuses, the spatiotemporal distribution of population in Shanxi Province and prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2020 was observed and analyzed. Based on the data of Shanxi Statistical Yearbook, the coupling relationship between population migration and influencing factors was discussed. The results are as follows. The total population of Shanxi Province has not changed much, and the urban population has maintained continuous positive growth only in Taiyuan City and Jinzhong City, and the population of Taiyuan City has developed rapidly. The population composition of Taiyuan City is dominated by the population of other counties and districts in the province, and the prefecture-level cities have a strong attraction to the population of the counties and districts of the city. The driving factors of population migration are related to regional economic level, educational resources, transportation construction, housing prices and per capita income. Through the comprehensive planning of spatial pattern, industrial structure, education allocation, transportation facilities and settlement threshold, the comprehensive strength of Shanxi Province and the attractiveness of foreign population can be effectively improved. The conclusions of this study are helpful for the cities of Shanxi Province to reasonably prospect and plan the future distribution pattern of population flow, promote the good interaction of population migration in the cities of Shanxi Province, and provide theoretical support and practical basis for population management policies.