Comparative analysis is used to clarify the income and consumption levels of urban and rural areas in Guizhou Province from 2010 to 2021, and cluster analysis is used to conduct a specific analysis of the alteration in the consumption structure of rural residents in Guizhou Province. Research shows that it can be divided into three stages. Firstly, from 2010 to 2013.Secondly, from 2014 to 2018.Thirdly, from 2019 to 2021.Although the proportion of enjoyment oriented consumption and development oriented consumption has increased, the overall proportion of survival oriented consumption is higher.Based on this, it indicates the factors influencing the changes in the consumption structure of rural residents in Guizhou Province.Then suggestions are proposed for optimizing the consumption structure of rural residents in Guizhou Province.