The digital economy is driving the transformation of traditional production and management methods, bringing new challenges to the agricultural economic system. Using panel data from 2010 to 2021 at the provincial level,the agricultural economic resilience index was measured from three dimensions: resistance and recovery capacity, adaptability and adjustment capacity, and transformation and innovation capacity. Based on this, fixed effects models and mediation effects models were constructed to examine the impact and mechanism of the digital economy on agricultural economic resilience. The empirical results show that the digital economy has a positive impact on agricultural economic resilience at the provincial level. The development of the digital economy significantly enhances the level of agricultural economic resilience, and this conclusion remains robust after a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis finds that the integrated development of rural industries is an important channel through which the digital economy affects agricultural economic resilience. In addition, the impact of the digital economy on agricultural economic resilience is heterogeneous, with a more prominent positive effect in non-food-producing areas, adaptability and adjustment, and transformation and innovation stages.