In order to gain insight into the spatio-temporal differences and evolution trends of high-quality agricultural development, based on the data of some provinces in China from 2005 to 2019, the evaluation index system is constructed of agriculture high-quality development with the "new development concept" from the five dimensions of "innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing", and analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution of agriculture high-quality development index with the entropy value assignment method by adding the time variable and the Markov chain analysis method. Besides the ArcGIS10.8 software and Markov chain analysis method are also used to analyze its spatial and temporal evolution. The results show that agricultural development has been remarkable in terms of innovation, coordination, greening, openness and sharing. Overall, the agriculture high-quality development level has gradually increased during the study, but there are differences in the gradient of decreasing between regions; the spatial and temporal evolution shows a different evolution pattern with characteristics of the eastern region leading, and the central and western lagging behind and slowing down in their development. There is a general trend towards a high level of development, but the pace of dynamic evolution is slow. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously promote the reform of agricultural science and technology system, and effectively enhance the level of agriculture high-quality development.