Under the background of accelerating industrial transformation and "carbon neutrality" in my country, facing the need for modernization development of my country's multi-high-rise prefabricated building industry, the relationship between carbon emissions and performance between different types of prefabricated shear walls is quantified to promote the development of prefabricated building structures. In this research, the carbon emission calculation model of components in the physical and chemical stage is established, and the data of prefabricated shear walls with different connection types are sorted and analyzed. The results show that the difference in carbon emission calculation is mainly reflected in the technological process of different types of prefabricated shear walls. Based on data collection and field investigation, it is calculated that the carbon emission gap of shear wall assembly with different connection modes per unit volume is small. The connection mode of fabricated shear walls greatly affects its carbon emission and performance improvement.