In order to deeply research the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the operation performance of technology business incubators in various provinces, the empirical analysis based on the sample data of each province and region from 2013 to 2021 is conducted to measure the operation performance and decomposition efficiency of science and technology business incubators through the DEA-Malmquist index model, and to explore the spatial distribution characteristics. The SDM is used to analyze the factors that affecting the operation performance of technology business incubators in each province. The results show that there were obvious differences in the operation performance of incubators among provinces in China, and the main reason for the poor operation performance of incubators is technological regression.There is a significant spatial correlation in the operational performance of domestic science and technology business incubators.The level of economic development, government support, digital society construction, and regional innovation vitality have a significant positive impact on the operation performance of science and technology business incubators, and show a positive spatial spillover phenomenon among provinces. Therefore, it is suggested that the operation performance of China's science and technology business incubators should be further improved by establishing and improving the incubation network mechanism, formulating differentiated support policies, and stimulating regional innovation vitality.