Based on the operation panel data of air transport groups along the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019, the SBM（slack-based measure）model and Malmquist-Luenberger index considering the unexpected output are used to measure the production efficiency and decomposition items of each group, and the Tobit model is used to explore the influencing factors of production efficiency. The results show that the production efficiency level along the route is low, and the improvement of production efficiency gradually dispersed from Asia to each region, and the increase of production efficiency mainly comes from the improvement of technical efficiency. The operation of a younger fleet can effectively improve the production efficiency, while the excess of air transport subsidiaries within the group is not conducive to the improvement of production efficiency, and the ratio of wide-body models has no significant impact on the production efficiency.