Science and technology are the main productive forces, and investment in science and technology plays a fundamental and important role in promoting economic growth and social development. From 2006 to 2020, the role of fiscal expenditure on science and technology in the western region on regional economic growth was investigated through co-integration and Granger causality tests. The empirical analysis shows that there is a longterm balanced relationship between fiscal expenditure on science and technology and economic growth in the western region. Therefore, the government should continue to increase and rationalize fiscal investment in science and technology, strengthen financial supervision, and improve utilization efficiency to further promote economic development and social progress.