Based on the theory of planned behavior, the causal relationship between Beijing's forest ecological compensation policy and farmers' behavior in public service forest protection is analyzed, focusing on the path and factors that affect farmers' behavior in public service forest protection. Through empirical analysis, it is found that the forest ecological compensation policy in Beijing has an indirect impact on farmers' ecological public forest protection behavior. The influence paths inculde through forest ecological compensation policy, farmers' behavior attitude, farmers' willingness to protect ecological public forest, and farmers' ecological public forest protection behavior.The factors of forest ecological compensation policy in Beijing have weak influence on the intention and behavior of farmers to protect the ecological public welfare forest, and the economic leverage effect of forest ecological compensation policy on the behavior of farmers still has potential.