At present, the research on efficiency enhancement, capacity expansion and reconstruction of small and medium-sized hydropower stations mostly focuses on the whole process management of the project, the research on reconstruction technology and the selection and formulation of reconstruction schemes, while the analysis on the status of power stations and units before and after the efficiency enhancement, capacity expansion and reconstruction is rare. Taking the efficiency increase and capacity expansion practice of Jicun Hydropower Station in Anhui Province as an example, the performance change, water energy utilization change and economic benefit of the units after efficiency increase and capacity expansion transformation are analyzed . The practice shows that, in order to increase the efficiency and expand the capacity of rural hydropower, it is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors, analyze the advantages and disadvantages, and select an appropriate scheme to achieve the goal of advanced technology and reasonable and economic scheme.