Based on the data of the fifth, sixth and seventh national censuses, using the population-economic elasticity coefficient, geographical concentration degree and population and economic in congruence index, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the coordination relationship between population and economy at the county level in Shanxi Province in recent 20 years are measured from the perspectives of scale growth and spatial distribution. The results show that the population growth of Shanxi Province has slowed down significantly in recent years, and the population shrinkage at county level is serious. In terms of the coordination of population and economic growth, the relationship between population and economic development in Shanxi Province in the past 20 years is mainly classified as Ⅱ and Ⅳ. In terms of the consistency of population and economic spatial agglomeration, the proportion of regions with population exceeding economic agglomeration has always been the largest. The number of population polarization areas has been decreasing, while the number of areas with advanced economy and population has been increasing. The incongruity of population and economic spatial distribution in Shanxi Province has been alleviated.