The discrete element method can truly reflect the existence of microfractures, faults, joints and other defects within the rock, and can analyse and calculate the large deformation in rock failure. The discrete element model of red sandstone was established using PFC software, and the failure process analysis of red sandstone specimens containing holes under single and bi-directional stresses was investigated, and the failure mechanism of red sandstone containing holes was analyzed.It is found that the peak stress in red sandstone specimens containing holes is significantly lower compared to intact red sandstone specimens(round, square, horseshoe shape) and the degree of reduction in peak stress is related to the shape of the holes. As the level of confining pressure increases, the peak failure stress of red sandstone containing pores gradually increases, and the confining pressure limits the expansion of the initial tensile crack, and its final damage form is similar to that of uniaxial compression.