Based on the current development situation in the post-poverty era, Chinese A-share companies from 2016—2019 were selected as the research sample, and statistical analysis was applied to explore the effects of poverty alleviation project participation and subsequent poverty alleviation on corporate performance, as well as the moderating effects of management shareholding ratio and internal control. The results show that poverty alleviation project participation and subsequent poverty alleviation programs have a positive contribution to corporate performance. Further study found that the positive promotion effect is more obvious in enterprises with lower management shareholding ratio and higher quality of internal control. The government can provide theoretical guidance for attracting enterprises to join the post-poverty alleviation construction, so as to realize the linkage and mutual benefit between poverty alleviation enterprises and people out of poverty.