Based on monitoring the air pollution data from 2015 to 2018 and the social and economic data of corresponding years in Heilongjiang Province, the temporal and spatial distribution is studied using IDW spatial interpolation method and gray correlation method, the results show that: AQI value and PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO concentration time change trend presents a "U" type change law in the year. Harbin is the center of pollution in Heilongjiang Province, and the pollution degree of southeast urban agglomeration is higher than that of Northwest urban agglomeration. There is a strong correlation between the ownership of civil vehicles and CO, O3. The growth of per capita GDP, the decrease of energy consumption intensity per unit GDP and the development of urbanization have obvious two-way characteristics. The impact of the development of the primary industry on air quality mainly comes from straw combustion, while the impact of the secondary industry is mainly from fossil fuel combustion and construction dust. The third industry has low energy consumption, less dependence on resources and less pollution.