Under the current situation, the development of agriculture and the rural areas presents new characteristics, and the needs of agricultural and rural scientific and technological innovation development becomes urgent. Patent is one of the core evaluation indexes of scientific and technological innovation ability, so it is of practical significance to discuss the improvement of agricultural scientific and technological innovation ability in Jiangsu Province from the perspective of patent. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, this paper studied the total amount, trends, types, research subjects and field distribution of Jiangsu agricultural patent, based on the statistical analysis of agricultural patent data in PatSnap Global Patent Retrieval Database from 2010 to 2019, and found some problems remaining. The agricultural scientific and technological innovation system is not impeccable, with the subject misplaced, and the collaborative innovation ability is insufficient. The paper puts forward a series of effective methods to enhance the agricultural scientific and technological innovation ability, such as strengthening of scientific and technological innovation subjects of agricultural enterprises, improvement of the collaborative innovation mechanism of agricultural science and technology for production and so forth.