The widening of the urban-rural income gap has become a major challenge that faces current social and economic development in China.The paper uses ESDA for analyzing pattern evolution of urban-rural income gap and its factors in Hunan based on the index of urban-rural income ratio. The resualts show that ①From space classification pattern, from 2001 to 2015 the high income gap is mainly distributed in western of Hunan province and its number first increased and then decreased, and then a lower gap area are mainly distributed in Chang-Zhu-Tan and the DongTing lake area and its increased. The overall urban-rural income gap is decreasing. ②From the perspective of spatial correlation, the income gap in Hunan province has a spatial positive correlation, and the H-H areas are mainly concentrated in XiangXIi ,and the L-L region is mainly distributed in middle and northern of Hunan.③The paper finds that the agricultural development level, economic development level, urbanization rate, social investment, etc affect on the urban-rural income gap but there are differences in different years.