With the implementation of the strategy for the rise of central China, the manufacturing industry in the central region has made considerable progress. By adopting the method of deviation share analysis, the competitiveness of the manufacturing industries in the six provinces of central China was evaluated and the internal structure and influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that the manufacturing industries in Henan and Hubei provinces in the six provinces of central China have the fastest development. Among them, the agricultural and non-staple food processing industry, non-metallic mineral products industry, chemical raw materials and chemical product manufacturing industries have obvious competitive advantages, but the competitiveness of high-end equipment manufacturing advantage is weaker. The industrial structure in Shanxi Province has large number of problems, and it is in a downstream position among the six central provinces.