This article calculated the Resource Endowment Index, Scale Comparative Advantage Index, Efficient Comparative Advantage Index and Comprehensive Comparative Advantage Index of vegetable production of 17 cities in Shandong province. According to the measured results, the regional comparative advantage of vegetable production in each city was evaluated and comparatively analyzed. The results showed that, the regional comparative advantage was more obvious in Weifang city, Jinan city, Tai’an city, Laiwu city and Zaozhuang city, and cities in north of Shandong and in the area of Shandong peninsula were lack of comparative advantage on vegetable production. In order to promote the regional centralization of vegetable industry in Shandong province, we should further transfer the vegetable industry to the advantage area; we should give full play to the leading role of vegetable production bases and companies; the institutional construction aimed at the reasonable regionalization of vegetable production in Shandong should be improved; and we should also pay attention to the environmental sustainable development of the vegetable production areas.