Abstract:Taking the population data of the townships and towns in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province as the research object, ArcGIS software is used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the population from 2013 to 2017. Quantitative analysis of the relationship between the topographic relief and the spatial distribution of residential areas in Wannian County is made, and a spatial visualization of the urban and rural population in Wannian County combined with population density data is used to study the spatial differentiation, which can provides information is made for Wannian County's population and resource allocation to improve the local economy and society.