Based on the basic principles of evaluation system construction and the theoretical connotation of higher education ecological carrying capacity, the provincial higher education ecological carrying capacity evaluation system was constructed. The ecological carrying capacity of higher education in China was evaluated and its spatial pattern was analyzed based on the improved entropy weight method. The results show that the impact of the pressure bearing force, resources and environmental carrying capacity on the ecological carrying capacity of higher education is greatest. The spatial pattern of ecological carrying capacity of higher education in China is significantly different, which shows unbalanced development between regions and within regions. The difference of ecological elasticity between regions and within regions is the most obvious, and there is obvious coexistence of long and short boards in most provinces. Based on this, relevant countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to point out the path for the high-quality development of China's higher education ecosystem.