The winners of the state science and technology awards are outstanding representatives of high-level scientific and technological talents in China. By using the methods of literature research, resume analysis, biographical research and mathematical statistics, the age status, regional distribution, family backgrounds, education background of higher education, the condition of academic researches and post?situation of 33 winners were analyzed.The study results show that the characteristics of the conditions of the winners of the state science and technology awards can be reflected in the aspects of the high age of winners and being elected academicians, the high proportion of coming from urban families, high-level education qualification and high proportion of studying abroad, high academic achievement, the high proportion of holding an administrative post and the low proportion of born and working in the central and western regions, low percentage of women, the low proportion of graduates from non-key universities, the low proportion of serving authoritative academy of sciences in developed countries, the low proportion of non-communists and minorities. Combined with the results of quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis, some inspirations and suggestions are put forward ,including optimizing the distribution structure of high level scientific and technological talents in China, strengthening the independent training of high-level talents, intensifying basic research, and carrying forward the scientist spirit of the winners.